AFFIXATION

AFFIXATION

PREFIXES:

Prefixes are added to the BEGINNING of words to form new words. They normally change the meaning of the word but not the type of word.

1) NEGATIVE:

·        UN                  unable / unbelievable / unfair / unsuccessful

·        NON              non-smoker / non-fiction / nonconformist / non-essential

·        IN                   incorrect / insane / incomplete / inevitable

·        IM (+ m/p)     immature / immigration / impolite / impossible

·        IL (+ l)            illegal / illicit / illogical / illusion

·         IR (+ r)          irrational / irregular / irrelevant / irresistible

·        DIS                 disconnect / dishonest / dislike / dissatisfied                  

2) OTHERS:

·        INTER           interactive / intercontinental / international / interweave

·        RE                  react / re-use / rebuild / recycle

·        CYBER          cyberspace / cybercafé / cyberpunk / cybernetic

·        ANTI              anticlimax / anti-nuclear / anti-racist / antisocial

·        SUPER           supermarket / supernatural / supersonic / superstar

·        OVER                        overconfident / overeat / overact / overpopulated

·        UNDER         undercook / undercharge / underestimate / understatement

·        EXTRA          extracurricular / extraordinary / extraterrestrial

·        MIS                misbehave / misconception / misunderstand

·        PRE                pre-Christmas / pre-Raphaelite / pre-war

·        POST             postgraduate / postmodern / post-war

SUFFIXES:

We add suffixes to the END of words to make new words.. They usually change the type of the word, for example nation (noun), national (adjective), nationally (adverb).

1) NOUNS:

A) MADE FROM NOUNS

·        IST                 artist / pianist / racist / scientist

·        SHIP              citizenship / membership / friendship / championship

·        DOM              freedom / kingdom / stardom / wisdom

·        FUL                spoonful / mouthful / houseful / eyeful

 

B) MADE FROM VERBS

·        A/E NT           assistant / immigrant / student / absorbent

·        ATION           examination / imagination / organization / improvisation

·        ER / OR         driver / teacher / actor / conductor

·        EE                  employee / trainee / addressee / attendee

·        ION                action / connection / exhibition / confrontation

·         MENT           achievement / amusement / development / improvement

·        ISM                capitalism / socialism / criticism / terrorism

·        ING                dancing / handwriting / building / beginning

            C) MADE FROM ADJECTIVES

·        E/I TY anxiety / safety / activity / reality

·        NESS             illness / loneliness / weakness / emptiness

·        ENCE            confidence / difference / intelligence / violence

·        TH                  warmth / strength / truth / youth

2) ADJECTIVES:

            A) MADE FROM NOUNS

·        FUL                careful / powerful / useful / beautiful

·        LESS              careless / powerless / useless / colourless

·        EN                  wooden / golden / woollen / silken

·        ED                  annoyed / delighted / coloured / hooded

·        ING                annoying / delighting / boring / charming

·        AL                  accidental / environmental / musical / national

·        Y                     cloudy / dirty / lucky / wealthy 

B) MADE FROM VERBS

·        IVE                 active / attractive / creative / effective

·        ABLE             acceptable / believable / questionable / desirable

·        IBLE              accessible / convertible / digestible / edible

·        ED                  balanced / shaped / disappointed / stressed

3) ADVERBS:

            A) MADE FROM NOUNS

·        LY                  weekly / daily / monthly / noisily

 

B) MADE FROM ADJECTIVES

·        LY                   carefully /powerfully / happily / quickly

MISTAKES IN COMPOSITIONS

MAIN MISTAKES IN COMPOSITIONS

1.                  Adjective always before noun and with neither number nor gender

2.                  The order of an English statement is always SUBJECT + VERB + (COMPLEMENTS)

3.                  The order of an English question is always (WH-?) + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + VERB + (COMPLEMENT) + ?

4.                  COMPARATIVE: MORE + ADJECTIVE  / ADJECTIVE + ER

SUPERLATIVE: THE MOST + ADJECTIVE / THE + ADJECTIVE + EST

5.                   PERSON = singular / PEOPLE = plural

6.                   THEN/ LATER                            AFTER + Noun / V-ing

PREVIOUSLY                             BEFORE + Noun / V-ing

7.                   Present Simple:                      Do not recycle = Don't recycle (*Don't recycling)

8.                   There are two reasons WHY people don't recycle:

ONE / TWO    FIRST / SECOND      ON the one hand / ON the other hand

9.                  AVOID / ENJOY + V-ING:      Avoid making repetitions / Enjoy doing the exam

10.               There will be no oil / There won't be any oil / Oil will be finished / Oil is becoming exhausted

11.               In order to / to / so as to + BARE FORM

In order that / so that + SENTENCE (Verb = MODAL ---- COULD / SHOULD / WOULD)

12.               RECYCLE = VERB / RECYCLING = NOUN

13.               3rd sing pres per: He doesn't / I don't + Verb (I don't do my bed / he doesn't do his test) (* we eats)

14.               MODAL / TO always followed by BASE form

15.               GIVING EXAMPLES: such as / as / like / for example / for instance

16.               All the people = PLURAL      Everyone / Everybody = SINGULAR

17.               TO = PARA QUE / NOT TO = PARA QUE NO: People want the planet not to suffer from pollution

18.               2 subjects IMPOSSIBLE.

19.               A + VOWEL ------ AN.          A / AN always followed by SINGULAR

20.               Due to the fact that + Sentence

21.               A lot of people think (PLURAL) / A lot of bread costs (SINGULAR)

22.               ADJECTIVE always followed by noun: Organic and inorganic rubbish

23.               1^st Cond Sent (PRESENT with "s" if 3^rd sing per): If the planet suffers, we will suffer too.

24.               COHERENCE: If you use the PRESENT SIMPLE, keep on using it, not change to PAST. If you use I, keep on using I.

25.               (*ACTUALLY / these days) ---------- AT PRESENT, NOWADAYS, TODAY

26.               SAXON GENITIVE with PEOPLE -------- The teenagers' lifestyle (*The style of the teenagers)

27.               The final example of a series with AND.

28.               Do not use THE article when generalizing: Students in Spain.

29.               Don't invent words, if not sure use synonyms: *saludable - healthy / sane / profitable / good / etc.

30.               Avoid using Spanish.

31.               Avoid particular references: I usually swim at 'Macarena' swimming-pool.