CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (EXTRA)

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (EXTRA)

1) ZERO CONDITIONAL

IF-CLAUSE: Present Simple   MAIN CLAUSE: Present Simple / Modal / Imperative

EXAMPLE:
If you don't eat enough healthy food, you get ill
Metal gets hot if you heat it
Water boils if it reaches 100 ºC 
If you train hard, you can improve your marks
If you are bored, read a book

USES:

·                    To describe general facts or true situations.

·                    If can be replaced by when or whenever since we are talking about something always happens.

2) WISH / IF ONLY (if only is more emphatic)

They are used to express REGRET (pesar, lamento, arrepentimiento) or COMPLAIN (queja).

*    PRESENT SITUATION: wish / if only + Past Simple or Continuous. REGRET.

I wish the Artic Monkeys were touring again this year

If only David didn't live next door / I wish I knew the answer / I wish she were here

*    PAST SITUATION: wish / if only + Past Perfect. REGRET.

I wish I had followed my friend's advice and not gone out with Paul

If only I had visited Hawaii when I had the chance / I wish I had eaten less

*    PRESENT SITUATION for a FUTURE CHANGE: wish / if only + would (could). COMPLAIN. Subjects in both clauses must be different.

I wish my boyfriend would stop smoking / If only you would shut up!

I wish she would notice me / I wish it would stop raining

She wishes he could come with her

3) AS LONG AS / PROVIDED (that) / PROVINDING (that)

They are usually only used in the FIRST conditional with the meaning of ONLY IF.

You can go out tonight as long as you finish your homework

He will work for them provided that they offer him more money than his present company

She will go to university providing she can pay her fees

4) EVEN IF

To give emphasis where the action of the main cannot be change whatever the if-clause states.

She wouldn't have won the race even if she had trained harder

5) UNLESS

With the meaning IF ... NOT.

You won't go on holiday this year unless you save some money

Unless you studied you wouldn't go out tonight

6) WILL and WOULD

WILL and WOULD are not normally used after IF in Conditional Sentences except:

- POLITE CONDITIONALS (meaning 'are / were willing to'):

If you will take a seat, the director will soon come

If you would let me know the answer, I should be most grateful

- POLITE REQUEST (meaning 'I wonder if you would / could ...'):

(I wonder) if you would tell the teacher I am waiting for him

(I wonder) if she could take a message for me

- WILL strongly STRESSED (showing emphasis on an habit and its consequences):

If you will arrive late, the teacher will get annoyed

- WON'T (meaning 'refusal'):

If he won't learn his lesson, he will never improve his French

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

FIRST CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (PROBABLE / LIKELY)  (Future Reference)

IF-CLAUSE: Present Simple   MAIN CLAUSE: Future Simple

EXAMPLE:  If you study, you will pass the test

                  If he does not work, he will not get any money

-          No difference if the clauses are reversed (except the comma): You will pass the test if you study.

-          If a question, the Main Clause always first: Will you pass the test if you study?

-          UNLESS is employed with the meaning IF NOT: Unless you study, you will not pass the test. (If you don't study, you won't pass the test).
-          If can be replaced by after, before, until, till, as soon as, when, once, by the time and the moment: After you read this, you will know the answer. 

USES:

·                    When the action of the If-Clause is expected to take place: If you take care of your shoes, they will last long enough (and you will probably take care of your shoes).

MODIFICATIONS:

·                    Present Simple Continuous in the If-Clause: If he is sleeping, I will kill him.

·                    Present Perfect Simple in the If-Clause: If she has found my dog, I'll reward her.

VARIATIONS:

·                    If the action of the If-Clause is more doubtful or unlikely, SHOULD + BASE can be used:

-          If it should rain, we shall stay home

-          If you should go, I shall be glad

·                    This construction is usually combined with the IMPERATIVE in the Main Clause:

-          If you should see the teacher, tell her I am ill

-          If you should go, do not say a word

·                    IMPERATIVE construction with CONDITIONAL meaning:

-          Do not move or I will shoot = If you move, I will shoot

-          Keep quiet and you will not get hurt = If you keep quiet, you won't get hurt
·  MODALS such as CAN, MAY, MUST... can be used:

-          If he comes in ten minutes, he can join us

TIME CLAUSES

(PROBABLE / LIKELY) (Future Reference)      

SUBORDINATE-CLAUSE: Present Simple MAIN CLAUSE: Future Simple

Instead of IF we use different conjunctions: As soon as / By the time / The moment (that) / as long as / until / when / before / after ...

EXAMPLES:

He will forgive you as long as you are honest

The situation will not improve until the government decides to act

SECOND CONDITIONAL CLAUSES   (IMPROBABLE / UNLIKELY)(Present Reference)

IF-CLAUSE: Past Simple                MAIN CLAUSE: Conditional Simple

EXAMPLE:  If you studied, you would pass the test

                  If he did not work, he would not get any money

-          No difference if the clauses are reversed (except the comma): You would pass the test if you studied.

-          If a question, the Main Clause always first: Would you pass the test if you studied?

-          UNLESS is employed with the meaning IF NOT: Unless you studied, you would not pass the test. (If you didn't study, you wouldn't pass the test).

USES:

·                    When the action of the If-Clause is not expected to take place: If she concentrated very hard, she would understand the whole lesson (but she will not probably concentrate very hard).

·                    When the assumption is different from the known facts: If I knew where the school is, I would immediately tell you (but I don't know where the school is).

MODIFICATIONS:

·                    Past Simple Continuous in the If-Clause: If he were teaching at the moment, he would be a great professor.

VARIATIONS:

·                    COULD / MAY / MIGHT + BASE can be used in the Main Clause when the action is still improbable but the possible result is being considered: We could / may / might watch tennis this noon if the teacher let us earlier.

·                    SUBJUNCTIVE of TO BE: the PAST of TO BE is employed as the second Conditional Clause (WERE is used with all subjects): If I were a rich man, I would be very happy.

·                    'IF I WERE YOU, I SHOULD / WOULD…' is a way of giving you a piece of advice: If I were you, I should take care.

THIRD CONDITIONAL CLAUSES       (IMPOSSIBLE)                                 (Past Reference)

IF-CLAUSE: Past Perfect Simple MAIN CLAUSE: Conditional Perfect Simple

EXAMPLE: If she had let you her car, you would have arrived on time.  

If I had known the pub was so far, I wouldn't have gone there.

-          No difference if the clauses are reversed (except the comma): You would have arrived on time if she had let you her car.

-          If a question, the Main Clause always first: Would you have arrived on time if she had let you her car?

-          UNLESS is employed with the meaning IF NOT: Unless she had let you her car, you would not have arrived on time

USES:

·                    When the action of the If-Clause is impossible to take place (when the events referred to are in the past and, therefore, the condition cannot be fulfilled yet: He would have been top of the class if he had worked harder (but he didn't work hard so, he is not and cannot be yet, top of the class).

MODIFICATIONS:

·                    Past Perfect Continuous in the If-Clause: If he had been listening, he would have heard the result.

VARIATIONS:

·                    COULD / MAY / MIGHT + BASE can be used in the Main Clause expressing ability and different degrees of possibility: If he had worked hard, he could / may / might have passed the test.

 

2014 IES Albert Einstein BIOGRAPHY 2A

Created with Padlet

2014 IES Albert Einstein BIOGRAPHY 2B

Created with Padlet

PHRASAL VERBS EXERCISES

Click on the following link to try some multi-word verbs. Phrasal Verb Exercises

SEX

OUGHT TO

MODAL AUXILIARIES

OUGHT TO

·                    To give advice:

You ought to make more exercise

·                    To express obligation:

He ought to visit his parents

·                    To express criticism:

She ought no to be so stupid

 

* Questions made with or without TO, this way,

1) we usually employ SHOULD:

Ought I to study abroad?      Should I study abroad?

Ought I to marry her?           Should I marry her?

2)      we usually employ expressions such as DO YOU THINK:

Ought I to study abroad?      Do you think I ought to study abroad?

Ought I to marry her?           Do you say I ought to marry her?

* Negations made with or without TO, this way,

1) we usually employ TO:

He ought not to go there                                 He ought not go there

I ought not to have treated him like that         I ought not have treated him like that

2)      we usually employ expressions such as I DON’T THINK:

I don’t think he ought to go there

She doesn’t think I ought to have treated him like that

PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERBS           (WordrReference.com)

            Phrasal verbs are verbs followed by one or more adverb particles. Common adverb particles are: ABOUT, ACROSS, AWAY, BACK, IN, OFF, ON, OUT, OVER, PAST and UP.

            This adverb particles join with the verb to give a different, non-literal meaning.

COME (to arrive)                   

Winter is coming

COME ACROSS (To meet someone or find something by chance)  

I came across some old photos in a box

COME BACK (To return to a place)

They came back very late last night

COME FROM (To be or derive from)

My parents come from Ireland

1) TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS WHICH CAN BE SEPARATED

            The direct object can be placed either between the verb and the particle or after the particle.

 I took my gloves off                                       I took off my gloves

            If the direct object is a pronoun, it always comes between the verb and the particle.

Put them on                                                     Take it off

BRING UP                 SACAR EL TEMA

Don't bring that subject again

CARRY OUT             LLEVAR A CABO

The company is carrying out a survey on mobile phones

CLOSE DOWN         CERRAR DEFINITIVAMENTE

The authorities closed the restaurant down because of the rats

FILL IN                      RELLENAR

Shall I fill in the application form?

FIGURE OUT             HACERTE UNA IDEA

You can figure the rest out later

GIVE AWAY             REGALAR / DONAR

Give your books away if you don't need them any more

GIVE OUT                 REPARTIR

The teacher gave the exam papers out

HAND IN                   ENTREGAR

The students handed in their tests when they had finished

LOOK UP                  BUSCAR (EN UN DICCIONARIO)

Look up the words in your dictionary

PUT DOWN               ECHAR POR TIERRA

Don't put yourself down. You are a very good student

PUT OFF                    POSPONER

We asked the teacher to put the test off until the following week

PUT ON                     PONERSE

wait for me. I have to put my coat on

PUT OUT                   APAGAR

Put out your cigarette, you can't smoke here

TRY ON                     PROBAR

Why don't you try these jeans on?

TURN DOWN / UP   BAJAR / SUBIR VOLUMEN

Please, turn the music down / up since it is too loud / low

TURN OFF / ON       APAGAR / ENCENDER                  

Turn off / on the TV when you leave / come

2) TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS WHICH CANNOT BE SEPARATED

            The direct object must be placed after the particle even if the direct object is a pronoun.

APPEAL TO               APELAR

he tried appealing to her better nature

ASK AFTER              PREGUNTAR POR

Louise asked after you today, she was very concerned about you

BELIEVE IN               CREER EN

Do you believe in ghosts?

CALL FOR                 RECOGER

I will call for you on my way to the cinema

COME ACROSS       ENCONTRAR POR CASUALIDAD

I came across some valuable antiques in my attic last week

DEAL WITH              ARREGLÁRSELAS

How do young people deal with bullying?

GET INTO                  METERSE

They got into a fight on their way home

GET OVER                 RECUPERARSE

She cannot get over the death of her cat

GO OVER                  ANALIZAR

We went over the questions before the exam

 JOIN IN                    APUNTARSE

The new student joined in the activities even though he was very shy

LOOK AFTER           CUIDAR

I'm looking after my neighbours' children tonight

LOOK AROUND      ECHAR UN VISTAZO

Let's look around the old town tonight

LOOK INTO              INVESTIGAR

The police are looking into robberies in the neighbourhood

PICK ON                   METERSE CON

The older boys are always picking on me

RUN INTO                 CHOCAR

He ran into an old friend in the supermarket

TAKE AFTER            PARECERSE

Look at Ellie, she really takes after her mother

3) INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

            They don't have an object so the verb and the particle cannot be separated.

BREAK DOWN         ESTROPEARSE

The car broke down on the motorway

BREAK OUT             ESTALLAR

The Second War World broke out in 1939

COME BACK            REGRESAR

What time did you come back last night?

COME IN                   ENTRAR

May I come in?           

COME OUT               SALIR

The seventh Harry Potter book came out in 2007

COME OVER            VENIR / DEJARSE CAER

Will you come over to my place?

FALL OUT                 PELEARSE

Will and I are always falling out

FIT IN                        ENCAJAR

She tried to fit in the group, but they were much older than her.

GET UP                      LEVANTARSE

You don't need to get up early at the weekend

GO BACK                  REGRESAR

I want to go back to the shop and buy that dress

GO ON                       OCURRIR

We stopped to se what was going on the park

GROW UP                 CRECER

Children grow up so quickly

KEEP ON                   CONTINUAR

Let's keep on working. We haven't finished yet

LOOK OUT               CUIDADO

Look out! There is a car coming!

SPLIT UP                   ROMPER

Daniel and Rachel are always splitting up

WAKE UP                  DESPERTAR

I woke up at seven o'clock this morning

4) PHRASAL VERBS WITH THREE PARTS

            They consist of the verb and TWO particles. The verb and the particles cannot be separated.

CATCH UP WITH                 PONERSE AL DÍA

She missed school for a month and had to catch up with the rest of the class

COME UP AGAINST            VÉRSELAS CON

I have come up against a problem that I cannot solve

COME UP WITH                   ELABORAR / CONSEGUIR

Have you come up with an answer to my problem yet?

DROP OUT OF                     ABANDONAR

My friend dropped out of school last year

FACE UP TO                         AFRONTAR

You really should face up to your responsibilities

FEEL UP TO                          TENER LA CONDCIÓN DE

I don't feel up to going to work today

GET AWAY WITH                SALIRSE CON LA SUYA

Don't expect to get away with cheating in exams

GET BACK TOGETHER       RECONCILIARSE

My boyfriend and I got back together last night

GET ON WITH                      LLEVARSE BIEN

She doesn't get on with the people in her class

LOOK DOWN ON               MENOSPRECIAR

Some people look down on immigrants

LOOK FORWARD TO         DESEAR

I'm looking forward to going to Paris at the weekend

LOOK UP TO                        ADMIRAR

Andrew looks up to organizations that fight for a better world

MAKE SURE OF                   ASEGURARSE

Make sure of the direction before starting your journey

PUT UP WITH                       AGUANTAR

We shouldn't put up with antisocial behaviour

RUN OUT OF                        AGOTARSE

Go to the shop. We have run out of milk

STAND UP FOR                   DEFENDER

He must learn to stand up for himself 

5) PHRASAL VERBS WHICH CHANGE THEIR MEANING

            Some phrasal verbs can be transitive or intransitive and their meaning changes depending on the context.

MAKE UP

a) TRANSITIVE                     INVENTAR

Did you make that story up?

b) INTRANSITIVE                RECONCILIARSE

They still haven't make up. It's been a week since that argument

TAKE OFF

a) TRANSITIVE                     DESNUDARSE

He sat down on the sofa and took his shoes off

b) INTRANSITIVE                DESPEGAR

My plane takes off at seven o'clock

TURN UP

a) TRANSITIVE                     AUMENTAR

Can you turn the volume up on the TV up, please?

b) INTRANSITIVE                APARECER SIN AVISAR

Don't book in advance. Just turn up and you will get a table

ADVERBS of MANNER and DEGREE

ADVERBS of MANNER and DEGREE

1 MANNER (modo)

DEFINITION

            Words modifying verbs, giving us information about an action.

            They answer the question: ‘HOW… ?’

FORMATION:

We usually make adverbs of manner by adding LY to adjectives:

bad                  badly

careful             carefully

quick               quickly

slow                 slowly

But there are some exceptions (independent adverbs from adjectives):

good                well

hard                 hard

fast                  fast

EXAMPLES:

He runs quickly             They play basketball badly    

Some people speak fast  He plays football well            

She listened carefully     They studied hard        

2 DEGREE (intensidad)

DEFINITION:

            Words modifying adjectives or adverbs, giving us information about their intensity.

            They answer the question: ‘HOW MUCH / HOW MANY… ?’

        Some adjectives or adverbs refer to qualities which are GRADABLE (we can have MORE or LESS of them).

EXAMPLES:

not at all (nada, en absoluto) → not very (no muy) → slightly (ligeramente, un poco) → fairly / rather / quite (bastante) → very (muy) → really (realmente)   → completely ( completamente) → exactly (exactamente) → extremely (extremadamente)

Our teams are very similar                  I did not enjoy the match at all

It is not exactly the same                    It is slightly different

They play tennis fairly well                  She is completely wrong

The book club was rather successful

It's extremely cold in the Antartic

He always drives really fast