PURPOSE CONNECTORS

PURPOSE CONNECTORS

 

TO                              + Base

IN ORDER TO           + Base

SO AS TO                  + Base

SO THAT                   + Sentence: Subject + Verb (Can / Could / Will / Would) + (Complement)

IN ORDER THAT      + Sentence: Subject + Verb (Can / Could / Will / Would) + (Complement)

 

TO / IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO   Followed by a BASE:

I visited London TO / IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO see the Big Ben

 

SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT       Followed by a SENTENCE with the modals CAN, COULD, WILL or WOULD:

I visited Paris SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT I could see the Eiffel Tower

SHOULD vs. HAD BETTER

SHOULD vs. HAD BETTER

SHOULD: Se usa para expresar consejo o recomendación.
You should do all the class assignments.
Nathan should drive more carefully.
It should be a nice day today.

HAD BETTER: Se usa para expresar una fuerte recomendación (casi imperativamente). También se usa para expresar una gran esperanza o incluso una advertencia. La NEGATIVA se hace HAD BETTER NOT y no se suele usar en interrogativa.

RECOMENDACIÓN: You had better take your umbrella with you today.
ESPERANZA: That bus had better get here soon!
ADVERTENCIA: You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future!  

PERFECT MODALS

PERFECT MODALS


MODAL + HAVE + Vpp

• • WOULD HAVE Vpp
    To express missed opportunities and past hypothesis: She told me (that) she would have liked to come and see us.
     
  • SHOULD / OUGHT TO HAVE Vpp
    To express a certain degree of obligation in the past on the part of the speaker. To express regrets or complains: I should have booked a room in advanced (but I didn’t do it). She ought to have resisted the urge to eat chocolate cake because she is on a diet (but she didn’t do it).
     
  • MUST / CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT HAVE Vpp
    To express if a past action did or did not happen. Depending on the chosen verb, the possibility of the action been achieved is bigger or smaller: It must / can / could / may / might have rained a lot tonight.

  
  

• 
  

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + VERB-pp + (Complements)
STATEMENT

They will have finished their tests by Saturday
He will have played tennis before six o'clock
I shall have studied for about half past seven

NEGATION

They will not have finished their tests by Saturday
He will not have played tennis before six o'clock
I shall not have studied for about half past seven

INTERROGATION 

Will they have finished their tests by Saturday?

Will he have played tennis before six o'clock?
Shall I have studied for about half past seven?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:

• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• BY / BY THE TIME
• BEFORE

USES:

• Actions which will already be completed a certain time in the future. (You can say it is the past of the future): The match will have finished at 9:30

ASKING / GIVING DIRECTIONS

ASKING / GIVING DIRECTIONS

Asking for a direction must be used in a very polite and formal way:

• Excuse me, Sir / Madam...
• Could you tell me...
• How could I...
    
  When asking for DISTANCE we employ GET
• Excuse me, Sir / Madam. How can I get to the nearest petrol station?
• Could you tell me where the bus stop is?
• How could I get to the bank?
   
  When asking for TIME we employ TAKE
• How long does it take to go the shopping centre?
• How long do you take to go to the hospital from here?
   
   We usually employ PLACE prepositions when asking and giving directions. And the most common expressions are:
• Go straight ahead
• Keep on this way until you see the sign
• Turn on your left / right
• Go past the chemist’s and there it is
• Turn the second corner on your right, then turn left and you’ll have arrived
• Go cross / across / through / along / around the park

INFINITIVES, BASES and GERUNDS

Some verbs in English are either followed by gerunds (swimming) or by infinitives with TO (to dance) or without TO (dance):

I want to dance the whole night

I can dance for hours

I go dancing on Saturdays

INFINITIVES

Infinitives are formed adding TO to a BASE. This is the rule in English

1. After want / decide / agree / forget / promise / hope / offer / plan / arrange / try 

BASES

Bases are formed without the TO of the INFINITIVE. 

2. After MODAL VERBS: Can / Could / Shall / Should / Will / Would / Must / May / Might / Ought to

GERUNDS

Gerunds are formed with the BASE plus ING.

1. After GO and verbs related to SPORTS: Go swimming / dancing / * shopping
2. After personal LIKES and DISLIKES: Like / Dislike / Love / Hate / Enjoy / Mind / Look forward to
3. After verbs showing the beginning, the ending or the repetition of an activity: Start / Begin / End / Finish / Stop / Give up / Go on / Keep

SO vs SUCH

SO vs SUCH

 

         Both are employed to make the ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS stronger:

 

SO We use SO before ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS:

            SO tall / nice / quickly / well

            The story was SO stupid. The day is so warm. He speaks so quickly

 

SUCH We use SUCH before NOUNS (These nouns can be previously modified with adjectives and if the noun is singular we must add A or AN):

SUCH a story / an apple / students / a perfect exam / an excellent person

It was such a stupid story. We had such a good time. They were such perfect players

 

 

*We can use SO... THAT... or SUCH... THAT... to express CAUSE and EFFECT. (THAT can be omitted in these sentences):

 

The book was so good that I couldn't stop reading it

It was such a good book that I couldn't stop reading it

 

The weather was so lovely that we spent the whole day on the beach

It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day on the beach

 

SO MUCH / MANY present negative aspects like TOO MUCH / MANY for countable or uncountable nouns.

There was so much salt in the meal that I couldn't even taste it

There were so many cars on the street yesterday I hardly could cross the road

ON TIME vs IN TIME

          ON TIME You do the action at the planned time. Punctual, not late. (The opposite is LATE).

            We took the plane on time, at 16:30 in the afternoon

IN TIME You do the action before the last moment, with enough time to spare. (The opposite is TOO LATE).

            We went to the airport in time, we could even buy some presents at the duty free

            *IN TIME Eventually, in the future, after time passes.

            Although we have split, we'll be together in time

WORD ORDER: STRUCTURE of the ENGLISH SENTENCE

WORD ORDER: STRUCTURE of the ENGLISH SENTENCE

WORD ORDER is very important in English, the usual order being:

Subject + Verb + COMPLEMENTS (Indirect + Direct + How / Where / When)

He writes her a letter. We drove carefully to Bristol. I have breakfast in the morning.

1) If a sentence has got both a DIRECT and an INDERECT object, there are two possibilities:

I gave HER a present / I gave A PRESENT to her

 2) Time expressions come at the end of the sentence, or at the BEGINNING separated by COMMA:

He plays the piano every Thursday / Every Thursday, he plays the piano

3) Never separate the verb from the object(s):

He PLAYS every Thursday THE PIANO       WRONG

4) Adverbs of MANNER can come in many positions, but not between the verb and the object:

She opened the door SLOWLY / SLOWLY, She opened the door / She SLOWLY opened the door / She opened SLOWLY the door   WRONG

5) ALWAYS and NEVER cannot begin or end a sentence:

ALWAYS she walks to school  WRONG   / She walks to school NEVER  WRONG

6) Adverbs of FREQUENCY and TIME EXPRESSIONS have special rules:

 

FREQUENCY ADVERBS

 

ALWAYS

USUALLY

OFTEN

SOMETIMES

SELDOM

RARELY

HARDLY EVER

NEVER (EVER)

 

            They must be one single word (except hardly ever).

            They are adverbs showing how often the action of the verb is fulfilled.

            They usually present three different positions:

1)      If the sentence has a simple verb it goes between subject and verb:

I usually eat at three o’clock. They never eat meat

2)      If the sentence has a compound verb it goes between the first verb and the second one:

I can never remember his name. She has never been to London. She is rarely studying 

3)      If the sentence has AM, ARE, IS, WERE or WAS (NOT will be) it goes after them:

You are never on time. She is always late. (BUT: I will always be yours)

 

TIME EXPRESSIONS 

EVERY DAY / WEEK / MONTH / YEAR…

ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES…  PER / A DAY / WEEK / MONTH / YEAR…

ON (DAY OF THE WEEK in plural) MONDAYS / WEDNESDAYS…

They are time phrases (adverbials).

They are placed either at the beginning (with commas) or the end of the sentence since they have more than one single word:

 

On Saturdays, I go swimming

Every month, we go to the dentist’s

We play tennis twice a week

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE:      Subject + Verb + Object (Direct / Indirect)         

PASSIVE:     Patient Subject + Verb + BY Agent        

   APPROPRIATE FORM OF TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Peter writes a book     ------------------------------   A book is written by Peter

1. VERBAL TENSES: 
   PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE:
   ACTIVE:      Bank robbers generally wear masks        
   PASSIVE:     Masks are generally worn by bank robbers
                           Masks are not generally worn by bank robbers
                           Are masks generally worn by bank robbers?
   PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE:
   ACTIVE:      The judge sentenced the murderer to prison
   PASSIVE:     The murderer was sentenced to prison by the judge
                           The murderer was not sentenced to prison by the judge
                           Was the murderer sentenced to prison by the judge?
   FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE:
   ACTIVE:      Parliament will pass a new law
   PASSIVE:     A new law will be passed by Parliament
                           A new law will not be passed by Parliament
                           Will a new law be passed by Parliament?
   PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PASSIVE:
   ACTIVE:      The police have caught the prisoner
   PASSIVE:     The prisoner has been caught by the police
                           The prisoner has not been caught by the police
                           Has the prisoner been caught by the pólice 
   PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PASSIVE:
   ACTIVE:      The pickpocket had stolen the wallet
   PASSIVE:     The wallet had been stolen by the pickpocket
                           The wallet had not been stolen by the pickpocket
                           Had the wallet been stolen by the pickpocket?
   PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PASSIVE:
   ACTIVE:      The police are searching every car        
   PASSIVE:     Every car is being searched by the police
                           Every car is not being searched by the police
                           Is every car being searched by the pólice?
   PAST SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PASSIVE:
   ACTIVE:      The police were watching the house        
   PASSIVE:     The house was being watched by the police
                           The house was not being watched by the police     
                           Was the house being watched by the pólice? 
   PASSIVE GERUND:
   None of the other Continuous Passive forms are used, but notice the Passive Gerund which looks like a continuous form. Also, when two objects are employed, only one passive is produced.
   ACTIVE:      I remember the thief taking my wallet        
   PASSIVE:     I remember my wallet being taken by the thief
    
2. AUXILIARIES PASSIVE:
   MUST
   ACTIVE:      You mustn't park your car here        
   PASSIVE:     Your car mustn't be parked here 
   MAY
   ACTIVE:      The fog may delay the trains        
   PASSIVE:     The trains may be delayed by the fog 
   SHOULD
   ACTIVE:      You should give him a book        
   PASSIVE:     He should be given a book / A book should be given to him 
   MIGHT
   ACTIVE:      He might pass his test        
   PASSIVE:     The test might be passed by him
   CAN
   ACTIVE:      Violent behaviour can cause many problems        
   PASSIVE:     Many problems can be used by violent behaviour
   COULD
   ACTIVE:      The police couldn't catch the criminal        
   PASSIVE:     The criminal couldn't be caught by the police
    OUGHT T
   ACTIVE:      People ought to obey traffic lights        
   PASSIVE:     Traffic lights ought to be obeyed by people 
   HAVE TO
   ACTIVE:      Parents have to control their children        
   PASSIVE:     Children ought to be controlled by their parents
    
   NEED TO
   ACTIVE:      I need to mend my car        
   PASSIVE:     My car needs to be mended  
   USED TO
   ACTIVE:      I used to write books        
   PASSIVE:     Books used to be written by me
     
3. PAST PARTICIPLES used as ADJECTIVES within PASSIVE VOICE
   She is worried about her family
   He is interested in his job
   
   
4. INTRODUCTORY IT (PASIVA REFLEJA)
   We use the Passive Construction with certain verbs such as BELIEVE, CONSIDER, THINK, EXPECT, FEEL, FIND, GUESS, KNOW, SAY, TELL, UNDERSTAND, etc after the introduction of Impersonal IT.  
   ACTIVE:      They say that John is very rich        
   PASSIVE:     It is said that John is very rich 
   ACTIVE:      They thought that the boy painted the wall        
   PASSIVE:     It was thought that the boy painted the wall
    
   But a PASSIVE with an INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION is more common:
   PASSIVE:     John is said to be very rich
   PASSIVE:     The boy was thought to have painted the wall

• USES

• When the agent (the person doing the action) is unknown or needn't to be specified, it is usually omitted in the passive.
  ACTIVE:      Someone stole my handbag yesterday
  PASSIVE:     My handbag was stolen yesterday
   
• If a sentence has both Indirect and Direct Object, it is possible to have two passive forms.
  ACTIVE:      I gave Mary a book
  PASSIVE:     Mary was given a book / A book was given to Mary
   
• When the agent is known but the action seems more important than the person who does it, the agent, if mentioned, is placed after the subject and verb preceded by BY.
  ACTIVE:      A gunman shot my friend last week
  PASSIVE:     My friend was shot by a gunman last week
   
• If the action is done by SOMETHING rather than SOMEONE, other prepositions may be used (WITH, IN,… )
  ACTIVE:      This key can lock the door
  PASSIVE:     The door can be locked WITH this key
  ACTIVE:      The food contained arsenic
  PASSIVE:     Arsenic was contained IN the food
    
  CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION
  The verb TO HAVE (or TO GET) and the Past Participle of the main verb can be used when someone has the action done by another person instead of doing it himself.

• A kind of passive construction
• Instead of TO BE we employ TO HAVE (it is also possible with TO GET)
• TO HAVE is in the same tense than the Active sentence
• The Lexical verb is In Past Participle
• The Object is between HAVE / GET and the Past Participle
• The Agent Complement is usually omitted
• The subject is called BENEFICIARY
   
  ACTIVE:      Subject + Verb + Object (Direct / Indirect)        
  PASSIVE:     Beneficiary Subject + APPROPRIATE FORM OF TO HAVE / TO GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE + (BY Agent)        
                         
  We have painted the house    -------------------------- We have had / got our house painted
   
  EXAMPLES:
  I have had / got a house built on the beach (by someone).
  Susan has / gets her flat cleaned twice a week (by someone).
  I will have / get a book bought tomorrow.
  He has / gets his alarm tested every year.
  They will have had / got their TV repaired by Saturday 

• As the passive with TO BE, the Causative Construction can be used with Auxiliary verbs 

• You ought to have had / got the ladder repaired
• She may have had / got her dress modified