MODAL AUXILIARIES
SHOULD
• To give advice:
You shouldn’t go out. It’s raining
• To express obligation:
Everyone should see a dentist regularly
• To express criticism:
He shouldn’t have said such nonsense
• In questions, to know if it is compulsory (If we are obliged or not):
Should we pay now?
When should we leave?
What should I wear?
martes, 17 de mayo de 2011
MODAL AUXILIARIES: MUST
MODAL AUXILIARIES
MUST
• To express obligation or strong necessity (as well as HAVE TO or NEED TO):
We must take the bus now. We must use the computer for the project
• To give advice:
You mustn’t give up. She must take an umbrella because it is raining
• To make deductions (HIGH PROBABILITY):
He must be my father. They must be home by now
* The NEGATIVE of Must is constructed with:
DON’T HAVE TO (haven’t is NOT employed) She doesn’t have to study. I didn’t have to tidy my room up yesterday
DON’T NEED TO / NEEDN’T (TO is not employed) He doesn’t need to stay longer. On Sundays, I don’t need to get up early. It needn’t be big but has a garden (not ‘s’ required)
MUSTN’T
• To express strong prohibition (it doesn’t mean lack of obligation or necessity):
We mustn’t use the station all day. You mustn’t smoke in class. Under 18 mustn’t drink spirits
MUST versus HAVE TO
There is a slight difference when employing Must and HAVE TO:
- MUST is employed by authorities (Teachers, Parents, Doctors, Police…):
You must study. You must clean your room. You must stay in bed. You must tell us the truth
- HAVE TO is employed by everybody:
I have to study now. She has to give up her boyfriend. They have to sell the house
MUST
• To express obligation or strong necessity (as well as HAVE TO or NEED TO):
We must take the bus now. We must use the computer for the project
• To give advice:
You mustn’t give up. She must take an umbrella because it is raining
• To make deductions (HIGH PROBABILITY):
He must be my father. They must be home by now
* The NEGATIVE of Must is constructed with:
DON’T HAVE TO (haven’t is NOT employed) She doesn’t have to study. I didn’t have to tidy my room up yesterday
DON’T NEED TO / NEEDN’T (TO is not employed) He doesn’t need to stay longer. On Sundays, I don’t need to get up early. It needn’t be big but has a garden (not ‘s’ required)
MUSTN’T
• To express strong prohibition (it doesn’t mean lack of obligation or necessity):
We mustn’t use the station all day. You mustn’t smoke in class. Under 18 mustn’t drink spirits
MUST versus HAVE TO
There is a slight difference when employing Must and HAVE TO:
- MUST is employed by authorities (Teachers, Parents, Doctors, Police…):
You must study. You must clean your room. You must stay in bed. You must tell us the truth
- HAVE TO is employed by everybody:
I have to study now. She has to give up her boyfriend. They have to sell the house
MODAL AUXILIARIES: CHARACTERISTICS
MODAL AUXILIARIES
• No “s” ending in the 3rd singular present person: She can go
• Questions and negations without DO: Can she go? She cannot go
• Always followed by infinitive WITHOUT to: We can sleep now
• Never two modals together
• No infinitive
• No participle, neither present participle or past participle
• No imperative
MODAL:
CAN / COULD
SHALL / SHOULD
WILL / WOULD
MUST / MAY / MIGHT / OUGHT TO
SEMI-MODAL:
USED TO / NEED TO / HAVE TO / DARE TO
MARGINAL:
HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / TEND TO
LESS Formal.............................................................MORE Formal
HIGH Possibility........................................................LOW Possibility
MUST–WILL–WOULD–OUGHT TO–SHOULD–CAN–COULD–MAY-MIGHT
• No “s” ending in the 3rd singular present person: She can go
• Questions and negations without DO: Can she go? She cannot go
• Always followed by infinitive WITHOUT to: We can sleep now
• Never two modals together
• No infinitive
• No participle, neither present participle or past participle
• No imperative
MODAL:
CAN / COULD
SHALL / SHOULD
WILL / WOULD
MUST / MAY / MIGHT / OUGHT TO
SEMI-MODAL:
USED TO / NEED TO / HAVE TO / DARE TO
MARGINAL:
HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / TEND TO
LESS Formal.............................................................MORE Formal
HIGH Possibility........................................................LOW Possibility
MUST–WILL–WOULD–OUGHT TO–SHOULD–CAN–COULD–MAY-MIGHT
MODAL AUXILIARIES: CAN / COULD / (TO BE ABLE TO)
MODAL AUXILIARIES: CAN / COULD / (TO BE ABLE TO)
1) CAN
ABILITY
- PRESENT or GENERAL (To be able to, To know how to):
I can swim / dance / cook
She can play tennis / the guitar / the hero
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (LESS FORMAL):
Can I take any photos? No, you cannot
You can watch TV now
- OFFERS (LESS FORMAL):
Can I buy you a drink? No, thanks
Can I help you? Yes, thanks
- REQUESTS (LESS FORMAL):
Can you tell me the time? Four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (MORE LIKELY):
He can be my father
He can be married
2) COULD
ABILITY
- PAST (Was / Were able to, knew how to):
I could swim / dance / cook (three years ago / last summer / this morning)
She could play tennis / the guitar / the hero (when she was young / in 2009 / yesterday)
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (MORE FORMAL):
Could I take any photos, please? No, I’m terribly sorry
You could go out for a walk now before the meeting
- OFFERS (MORE FORMAL):
Could I show you the way out? Yes, thank you very much
Could I help you? Yes, thank you very much
- REQUESTS (MORE FORMAL):
Could you tell me what time it is? Of course, it is four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (LESS LIKELY):
He could be my father
He could be married
3) TO ABLE TO
ABILITY
- PAST, PRESENT or FUTURE:
Was / Were able to: I was able, when young, to run five miles in one hour
Am / Are / Is able to: I am able, now that I have finished my career, to read French
Shall / Will be able to: I will be able, in two years’ time, to play the guitar perfectly
TO BE ABLE TO versus CAN / COULD:
TO BE ABLE TO is preferred to CAN or COULD:
- In FORMAL contexts: I am able to give a proper answer
- When the action is OCCASIONAL or PARTICULAR. In this case, To be able to is similar to To manage to: She was able to / managed to solve the problem at last
- When we give EMPHASIS to the action: They will be able to lift the stone
1) CAN
ABILITY
- PRESENT or GENERAL (To be able to, To know how to):
I can swim / dance / cook
She can play tennis / the guitar / the hero
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (LESS FORMAL):
Can I take any photos? No, you cannot
You can watch TV now
- OFFERS (LESS FORMAL):
Can I buy you a drink? No, thanks
Can I help you? Yes, thanks
- REQUESTS (LESS FORMAL):
Can you tell me the time? Four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (MORE LIKELY):
He can be my father
He can be married
2) COULD
ABILITY
- PAST (Was / Were able to, knew how to):
I could swim / dance / cook (three years ago / last summer / this morning)
She could play tennis / the guitar / the hero (when she was young / in 2009 / yesterday)
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (MORE FORMAL):
Could I take any photos, please? No, I’m terribly sorry
You could go out for a walk now before the meeting
- OFFERS (MORE FORMAL):
Could I show you the way out? Yes, thank you very much
Could I help you? Yes, thank you very much
- REQUESTS (MORE FORMAL):
Could you tell me what time it is? Of course, it is four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (LESS LIKELY):
He could be my father
He could be married
3) TO ABLE TO
ABILITY
- PAST, PRESENT or FUTURE:
Was / Were able to: I was able, when young, to run five miles in one hour
Am / Are / Is able to: I am able, now that I have finished my career, to read French
Shall / Will be able to: I will be able, in two years’ time, to play the guitar perfectly
TO BE ABLE TO versus CAN / COULD:
TO BE ABLE TO is preferred to CAN or COULD:
- In FORMAL contexts: I am able to give a proper answer
- When the action is OCCASIONAL or PARTICULAR. In this case, To be able to is similar to To manage to: She was able to / managed to solve the problem at last
- When we give EMPHASIS to the action: They will be able to lift the stone
jueves, 12 de mayo de 2011
PROJECTS 2011: 4º ESO 'IRREGULAR VERBS' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Victoria Barba, Carolina S González, Dolores Boza and Cristina Bravo on Irregular Verbs
PROJECTS 2011: 3º ESO 'IRREGULAR VERBS' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Marta de la Peña, María Muñoz, Ángeles Aranda and Cynthia Castel on Irregular Verbs
jueves, 31 de marzo de 2011
FUTURE SIMPLE 'Will / Shall'
FUTURE SIMPLE 'Will / Shall'
SUBJECT + WILL (EVERY PERSON) + INFINITIVE + (Complements)
SHALL (FIRST PERSON singular and plural = I + We)
STATEMENTI shall visit London next summer
We shall eat at nine o’clock
You will come tomorrow by car
NEGATIONI shall not visit London next summer
We shall not eat at nine o’clock
You will not come tomorrow by car
• SHALL + NOT = SHAN´T
• WILL + NOT = WON`T
INTERROGATIONShall I visit London next summer?
Shall we eat at nine o’clock?
Will you come tomorrow by car?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• IN THE FUTURE / IN X YEARS’ TIME / ONE DAY
• NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
• WHEN / AS SOON AS
USES:
• Habitual or repeated actions in the future: Birds will return in Spring
• Statement of future fact: The ticket for the match will cost five pounds
• Opinions, assumptions, beliefs, doubts, hopes or fears about the future:
They are sure they will win the race
I am afraid you will lose the match
• With verbs of perception and emotion:
I shall never forget him
She will always hate you
You will see Mary tomorrow morning
• 1st Conditional Clauses: If he comes, I will go with him
WILL:1 To express requests: Will you come with me to do the shopping?
2 As a promise: I will remind you to buy some more butter
3 As a determination: We will go, you cannot stop us
SHALL:1 To express offers: Shall I open the window?
2 To express suggestions: Shall we go to the cinema this evening?
3 With 2nd or 3rd persons (singular and plural) when the subject has to do something or it is prohibited from doing something:
- OBLIGATION: They shall stay home whether they want or not
- PROHIBITION: You shall not go out until you finish your homework
(Bible: ‘Thou shalt not…) 10 COMMITMENTS
SUBJECT + WILL (EVERY PERSON) + INFINITIVE + (Complements)
SHALL (FIRST PERSON singular and plural = I + We)
STATEMENTI shall visit London next summer
We shall eat at nine o’clock
You will come tomorrow by car
NEGATIONI shall not visit London next summer
We shall not eat at nine o’clock
You will not come tomorrow by car
• SHALL + NOT = SHAN´T
• WILL + NOT = WON`T
INTERROGATIONShall I visit London next summer?
Shall we eat at nine o’clock?
Will you come tomorrow by car?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• IN THE FUTURE / IN X YEARS’ TIME / ONE DAY
• NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
• WHEN / AS SOON AS
USES:
• Habitual or repeated actions in the future: Birds will return in Spring
• Statement of future fact: The ticket for the match will cost five pounds
• Opinions, assumptions, beliefs, doubts, hopes or fears about the future:
They are sure they will win the race
I am afraid you will lose the match
• With verbs of perception and emotion:
I shall never forget him
She will always hate you
You will see Mary tomorrow morning
• 1st Conditional Clauses: If he comes, I will go with him
WILL:1 To express requests: Will you come with me to do the shopping?
2 As a promise: I will remind you to buy some more butter
3 As a determination: We will go, you cannot stop us
SHALL:1 To express offers: Shall I open the window?
2 To express suggestions: Shall we go to the cinema this evening?
3 With 2nd or 3rd persons (singular and plural) when the subject has to do something or it is prohibited from doing something:
- OBLIGATION: They shall stay home whether they want or not
- PROHIBITION: You shall not go out until you finish your homework
(Bible: ‘Thou shalt not…) 10 COMMITMENTS
FUTURE SIMPLE 'GOING TO'
FUTURE SIMPLE (GOING TO)(Near / Intention Future)
SUBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + GOING TO + Infinitive + (Complements)
STATEMENT
I am going to watch TV tonight
She is going to read some books now
They are going to listen to the radio
NEGATIONI am not going to watch TV tonight
She is not going to read some books now
They are not going to listen to the radio
INTERROGATION
Am I going to watch TV tonight?
Is she going to read some books now?
Are they going to listen to the radio?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• SOON / LATER
• TONIGHT / TOMORROW / NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
USES:
• To express proximity in the future: They are going to watch a film
• To express intention in the future: I am going to marry her
• To express probability in the future: It is going to rain tomorrow morni
SUBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + GOING TO + Infinitive + (Complements)
STATEMENT
I am going to watch TV tonight
She is going to read some books now
They are going to listen to the radio
NEGATIONI am not going to watch TV tonight
She is not going to read some books now
They are not going to listen to the radio
INTERROGATION
Am I going to watch TV tonight?
Is she going to read some books now?
Are they going to listen to the radio?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• SOON / LATER
• TONIGHT / TOMORROW / NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
USES:
• To express proximity in the future: They are going to watch a film
• To express intention in the future: I am going to marry her
• To express probability in the future: It is going to rain tomorrow morni
viernes, 25 de febrero de 2011
PROJECTS 2011: 3º ESO 'SAINT VALENTINE'S DAY' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Daniel Lucena, Cintia Castel, María Muñoz, Rocío Verdugo and Ángeles Jiménez on Saint Valentine's Day
PROJECTS 2011: 4º ESO 'SAINT VALENTINE'S DAY' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Nerea Partida , Vanesa González, Antonio J Barbero and Lola Boza on St Valentine's Day
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