OUGHT TO

MODAL AUXILIARIES

OUGHT TO

·                    To give advice:

You ought to make more exercise

·                    To express obligation:

He ought to visit his parents

·                    To express criticism:

She ought no to be so stupid

 

* Questions made with or without TO, this way,

1) we usually employ SHOULD:

Ought I to study abroad?      Should I study abroad?

Ought I to marry her?           Should I marry her?

2)      we usually employ expressions such as DO YOU THINK:

Ought I to study abroad?      Do you think I ought to study abroad?

Ought I to marry her?           Do you say I ought to marry her?

* Negations made with or without TO, this way,

1) we usually employ TO:

He ought not to go there                                 He ought not go there

I ought not to have treated him like that         I ought not have treated him like that

2)      we usually employ expressions such as I DON’T THINK:

I don’t think he ought to go there

She doesn’t think I ought to have treated him like that

PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERBS           (WordrReference.com)

            Phrasal verbs are verbs followed by one or more adverb particles. Common adverb particles are: ABOUT, ACROSS, AWAY, BACK, IN, OFF, ON, OUT, OVER, PAST and UP.

            This adverb particles join with the verb to give a different, non-literal meaning.

COME (to arrive)                   

Winter is coming

COME ACROSS (To meet someone or find something by chance)  

I came across some old photos in a box

COME BACK (To return to a place)

They came back very late last night

COME FROM (To be or derive from)

My parents come from Ireland

1) TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS WHICH CAN BE SEPARATED

            The direct object can be placed either between the verb and the particle or after the particle.

 I took my gloves off                                       I took off my gloves

            If the direct object is a pronoun, it always comes between the verb and the particle.

Put them on                                                     Take it off

BRING UP                 SACAR EL TEMA

Don't bring that subject again

CARRY OUT             LLEVAR A CABO

The company is carrying out a survey on mobile phones

CLOSE DOWN         CERRAR DEFINITIVAMENTE

The authorities closed the restaurant down because of the rats

FILL IN                      RELLENAR

Shall I fill in the application form?

FIGURE OUT             HACERTE UNA IDEA

You can figure the rest out later

GIVE AWAY             REGALAR / DONAR

Give your books away if you don't need them any more

GIVE OUT                 REPARTIR

The teacher gave the exam papers out

HAND IN                   ENTREGAR

The students handed in their tests when they had finished

LOOK UP                  BUSCAR (EN UN DICCIONARIO)

Look up the words in your dictionary

PUT DOWN               ECHAR POR TIERRA

Don't put yourself down. You are a very good student

PUT OFF                    POSPONER

We asked the teacher to put the test off until the following week

PUT ON                     PONERSE

wait for me. I have to put my coat on

PUT OUT                   APAGAR

Put out your cigarette, you can't smoke here

TRY ON                     PROBAR

Why don't you try these jeans on?

TURN DOWN / UP   BAJAR / SUBIR VOLUMEN

Please, turn the music down / up since it is too loud / low

TURN OFF / ON       APAGAR / ENCENDER                  

Turn off / on the TV when you leave / come

2) TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS WHICH CANNOT BE SEPARATED

            The direct object must be placed after the particle even if the direct object is a pronoun.

APPEAL TO               APELAR

he tried appealing to her better nature

ASK AFTER              PREGUNTAR POR

Louise asked after you today, she was very concerned about you

BELIEVE IN               CREER EN

Do you believe in ghosts?

CALL FOR                 RECOGER

I will call for you on my way to the cinema

COME ACROSS       ENCONTRAR POR CASUALIDAD

I came across some valuable antiques in my attic last week

DEAL WITH              ARREGLÁRSELAS

How do young people deal with bullying?

GET INTO                  METERSE

They got into a fight on their way home

GET OVER                 RECUPERARSE

She cannot get over the death of her cat

GO OVER                  ANALIZAR

We went over the questions before the exam

 JOIN IN                    APUNTARSE

The new student joined in the activities even though he was very shy

LOOK AFTER           CUIDAR

I'm looking after my neighbours' children tonight

LOOK AROUND      ECHAR UN VISTAZO

Let's look around the old town tonight

LOOK INTO              INVESTIGAR

The police are looking into robberies in the neighbourhood

PICK ON                   METERSE CON

The older boys are always picking on me

RUN INTO                 CHOCAR

He ran into an old friend in the supermarket

TAKE AFTER            PARECERSE

Look at Ellie, she really takes after her mother

3) INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

            They don't have an object so the verb and the particle cannot be separated.

BREAK DOWN         ESTROPEARSE

The car broke down on the motorway

BREAK OUT             ESTALLAR

The Second War World broke out in 1939

COME BACK            REGRESAR

What time did you come back last night?

COME IN                   ENTRAR

May I come in?           

COME OUT               SALIR

The seventh Harry Potter book came out in 2007

COME OVER            VENIR / DEJARSE CAER

Will you come over to my place?

FALL OUT                 PELEARSE

Will and I are always falling out

FIT IN                        ENCAJAR

She tried to fit in the group, but they were much older than her.

GET UP                      LEVANTARSE

You don't need to get up early at the weekend

GO BACK                  REGRESAR

I want to go back to the shop and buy that dress

GO ON                       OCURRIR

We stopped to se what was going on the park

GROW UP                 CRECER

Children grow up so quickly

KEEP ON                   CONTINUAR

Let's keep on working. We haven't finished yet

LOOK OUT               CUIDADO

Look out! There is a car coming!

SPLIT UP                   ROMPER

Daniel and Rachel are always splitting up

WAKE UP                  DESPERTAR

I woke up at seven o'clock this morning

4) PHRASAL VERBS WITH THREE PARTS

            They consist of the verb and TWO particles. The verb and the particles cannot be separated.

CATCH UP WITH                 PONERSE AL DÍA

She missed school for a month and had to catch up with the rest of the class

COME UP AGAINST            VÉRSELAS CON

I have come up against a problem that I cannot solve

COME UP WITH                   ELABORAR / CONSEGUIR

Have you come up with an answer to my problem yet?

DROP OUT OF                     ABANDONAR

My friend dropped out of school last year

FACE UP TO                         AFRONTAR

You really should face up to your responsibilities

FEEL UP TO                          TENER LA CONDCIÓN DE

I don't feel up to going to work today

GET AWAY WITH                SALIRSE CON LA SUYA

Don't expect to get away with cheating in exams

GET BACK TOGETHER       RECONCILIARSE

My boyfriend and I got back together last night

GET ON WITH                      LLEVARSE BIEN

She doesn't get on with the people in her class

LOOK DOWN ON               MENOSPRECIAR

Some people look down on immigrants

LOOK FORWARD TO         DESEAR

I'm looking forward to going to Paris at the weekend

LOOK UP TO                        ADMIRAR

Andrew looks up to organizations that fight for a better world

MAKE SURE OF                   ASEGURARSE

Make sure of the direction before starting your journey

PUT UP WITH                       AGUANTAR

We shouldn't put up with antisocial behaviour

RUN OUT OF                        AGOTARSE

Go to the shop. We have run out of milk

STAND UP FOR                   DEFENDER

He must learn to stand up for himself 

5) PHRASAL VERBS WHICH CHANGE THEIR MEANING

            Some phrasal verbs can be transitive or intransitive and their meaning changes depending on the context.

MAKE UP

a) TRANSITIVE                     INVENTAR

Did you make that story up?

b) INTRANSITIVE                RECONCILIARSE

They still haven't make up. It's been a week since that argument

TAKE OFF

a) TRANSITIVE                     DESNUDARSE

He sat down on the sofa and took his shoes off

b) INTRANSITIVE                DESPEGAR

My plane takes off at seven o'clock

TURN UP

a) TRANSITIVE                     AUMENTAR

Can you turn the volume up on the TV up, please?

b) INTRANSITIVE                APARECER SIN AVISAR

Don't book in advance. Just turn up and you will get a table

ADVERBS of MANNER and DEGREE

ADVERBS of MANNER and DEGREE

1 MANNER (modo)

DEFINITION

            Words modifying verbs, giving us information about an action.

            They answer the question: ‘HOW… ?’

FORMATION:

We usually make adverbs of manner by adding LY to adjectives:

bad                  badly

careful             carefully

quick               quickly

slow                 slowly

But there are some exceptions (independent adverbs from adjectives):

good                well

hard                 hard

fast                  fast

EXAMPLES:

He runs quickly             They play basketball badly    

Some people speak fast  He plays football well            

She listened carefully     They studied hard        

2 DEGREE (intensidad)

DEFINITION:

            Words modifying adjectives or adverbs, giving us information about their intensity.

            They answer the question: ‘HOW MUCH / HOW MANY… ?’

        Some adjectives or adverbs refer to qualities which are GRADABLE (we can have MORE or LESS of them).

EXAMPLES:

not at all (nada, en absoluto) → not very (no muy) → slightly (ligeramente, un poco) → fairly / rather / quite (bastante) → very (muy) → really (realmente)   → completely ( completamente) → exactly (exactamente) → extremely (extremadamente)

Our teams are very similar                  I did not enjoy the match at all

It is not exactly the same                    It is slightly different

They play tennis fairly well                  She is completely wrong

The book club was rather successful

It's extremely cold in the Antartic

He always drives really fast

CONNECTORS

CONNECTORS

PURPOSE:

TO                              + Infinitive

IN ORDER TO          + Infinitive

SO AS TO                  + Infinitive

SO THAT                   + Sentence: Subject + Verb (Could / Would) + (Complement)

IN ORDER THAT    + Sentence: Subject + Verb (Could / Would) + (Complement)

CONTINUITY (and):

IN ADDITION

FURTHERMORE

MOREOVER

CONTRAST (but):

HOWEVER

YET

NEVERTHELESS

CONCESSIVE:

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH

DESPITE / IN SPITE OF

EXEMPLIFYING:

ON THE ONE HAND … ON THE OTHER HAND

FOR EXAMPLE

FOR INSTANCE 

A Movie Review

A Movie Review / Movie Criticism (121)

I prefer comedies and romantic films than those full of blood and special effects because when I go to the cinema I don't like being scared every second and my intention is just to have a good time.

 

In addition, comedies are usually more intelligent than any other kind of movie and, therefore, actors can perform better their role and shine as the stars they are. Besides, when considering the different registers comedian must undertake my preferences are even clearer.

 

Finally, I would like to mention the Spanish Cinema and express my support since, with a ridiculous budget if compared to, for example, American movies, they achieve their aim of entertaining and make us dream.

How to Make a Production

How to Make a Production (80 to 100 words)

 

BEGINNING / INTRODUCTION

First paragraph: 3 lines

 

TEMPORAL:                                    FIRST, FIRSTLY

PERSONAL:

My (personal) opinion is that …

I must / have to / need to say that …

I would like to say / state / affirm that …

I consider / think / guess that …

GENERAL:

It is said / thought / believed that …

(Most of the) people think that …

DEVELOPMENT

Second / Third paragraphs: 3 lines each

TEMPORAL:                                    SECOND, NEXT, THEN

CONTINUITY:

Furthermore, Besides, In addition,

CONTRAST:

But, However, Nevertheless,

ENDING / CONCLUSION

Final paragraph: 3 lines

TEMPORAL:             LAST, TO FINISH, FINALLY, TO END WITH, ENDING

To sum up, To summarize, In conclusion, To end by saying,

I would like to add that …

I must finish saying that …

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVES

DEFINITION:

Words modifying nouns or pronouns, usually giving a characteristic of them:
-A good / tall / handsome / young man

CHARACTERISTICS:

They are invariable, that is, they have neither plural nor gender differentiation:
- one black house                              - two black houses
- one black horse                               - two black horses

 POSITION:

ATTRIBUTIVE: They go before the nouns or pronouns they modify.
- good dog      - enormous grey elephant

 PREDICATIVE: They can be used without nouns or pronouns when employed after the verb.

 - The film IS long and boring

- Virtual reality SEEMS real
- You LOOK beautiful today

 ADJECTIVES are essential to describe people. Thus, when describing a person we could refer to:

1) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE (We usually employ TO BE): What does he look like?
He is tall. They are athletic. I am short.

2) PERSONALITY (We usually employ TO BE): What is he like?

She is kind. You are generous. We are intelligent

3) A PERSON'S SPECIFIC PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC (We usually employ HAVE GOT):

He has got long red hair. They have got big broad noses. You have got round blue eyes.

 ORDER:

ARTICLE + OPINION + SIZE / AGE + SHAPE + COLOUR + ORIGIN + MATERIAL + PURPOSE +  NOUN               (OSASCOMP)

• OPINION: handy, simple, ugly, precious
• SIZE: small, tiny, large, big
• AGE: old, young, middle-aged, modern
• SHAPE: round, square
• COLOUR: dark, black, shiny, light
• ORIGIN: British, foreign, Turkish
• MATERIAL: plastic, wooden, electrical
• PURPOSE: industrial, technological

Three good old black Italian wooden tables
A strange middle-aged American writer
Some big red English plastic shoes

 

GERUNDS and INFINITIVES

INFINITIVE

Infinitives are formed with the BASE plus TO.

USES:

1. After some ADJECTIVES: busy, happy, ready, tired, willing. They were happy to see you
2. After some ADVERBS: slowly, fast, low. He walked too slowly to catch the train
3. As the SUBJECT when talking about a concrete fact. To leave now will be a mistake
4. To explain PURPOSE: We went to solve the problem
5. With some VERBS: afford, agree, appear, ask, beg, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, try, wait, want, wish. She refused to talk about her private life

Verb + Object + TO-infinitive:

Some verbs are followed by an object and the TO-infinitive. In the negative form, NOT goes before the TO-infinitive: advise, allow, ask, beg, convince, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, request, teach, tell, want, warn.

Mike told his young brother not to touch the plough.

Jane convinced her mother to buy the lamp.

I allow you to go to the toilet.

Verb + Object + BASE:

Some verbs are followed by an object and the BASE without TO. This structure is usually used with verbs of perception (see, hear, feel, listen to, smell, watch) and make and let.

I saw the runner win the race.

Our teacher always makes us copy the instructions.

Please, let me go.

 GERUND

Gerunds are formed with the BASE plus ING.

USES:

1. After PREPOSITIONS: I am very proud of being Spanish.
2. As the SUBJECT when talking in general: Smoking is unhealthy
3. With some EXPRESSIONS: be used to, get used to, can’t help, can’t stand, don’t mind, wouldn’t mind, feel like, it’s no use, look forward to, spend (time). It's no use buying her a present
4. With some VERBS: admit, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, hate, imagine, like, love, mention, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, resent, resist, suggest, understand.

 

VERBS THAT CHANGE MEANING WITH THE GERUND AND THE INFINITIVE

1) FORGET:

- Forget + Gerund (the act of forgetting is after the past activity):

I will never forget winning the championship.

- Forget + Infinitive (the act of forgetting is before the action):

Don't forget to buy some milk.

2) REMEMBER:

- Remember + Gerund (the act of remembering is after the past activity):

He remembers visiting London for the first time.

- Remember + Infinitive (the act of remembering is before the action):

Remember to visit your parents.

3) REGRET:

- Regret + Gerund (the act of regretting a past action):

I don't regret sending him out.

- Regret + Infinitive (a formal statement):

We regret to inform passengers the plain will be delayed.

4) MEAN:

- Mean + Gerund (to describe the possible consequences of a decision):

His decision will mean spending lots of money in the company.

- Mean + Infinitive (an intention or a plan):

She means to start a new design.

5) STOP:

- Stop + Gerund (to abandon or put an end to something):

He stopped smoking.

- Stop + Infinitive (To interrupt an action to do something else):

We stopped the meeting to have lunch.

6) TRY:

- Try + Gerund (a suggestion or a possible solution to a problem):

Try opening the door with this key.

- Try + Infinitive (To attempt to do something):

Don't make such a noise, I'm trying to study. 

VERBS THAT DON'T CHANGE MEANING WITH THE GERUND AND THE INFINITIVE
 

-          begin, start, continue, like, love, hate, prefer.

STATIVE VERBS:

·                    They cannot be used in the progressive form

·                    They are used to express feelings, likes and dislikes, possession and mental activities:

-          LOVE, HATE, WANT

-          LIKE, DISLIKE

-          OWN, HAVE GOT

-          THINK, REMEMBER, KNOW, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE