On the first day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me
A partridge in a pear tree. On the second day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the fourth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the fifth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the sixth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Six geese a-laying, Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the seventh day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Seven swans a-swimming, Six geese a-laying, Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the eighth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Eight maids a-milking, Seven swans a-swimming, Six geese a-laying, Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. |
On the ninth day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me Nine ladies dancing, Eight maids a-milking, Seven swans a-swimming, Six geese a-laying, Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the tenth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Ten lords a-leaping, Nine ladies dancing, Eight maids a-milking, Seven swans a-swimming, Six geese a-laying, Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the eleventh day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Eleven pipers piping, Ten lords a-leaping, Nine ladies dancing, Eight maids a-milking, Seven swans a-swimming, Six geese a-laying, Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree. On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me Twelve drummers drumming, Eleven pipers piping, Ten lords a-leaping, Nine ladies dancing, Eight maids a-milking, Seven swans a-swimming, Six geese a-laying, Five golden rings, Four calling birds, Three French hens, Two turtle doves, And a partridge in a pear tree! |
miércoles, 28 de diciembre de 2011
LYRICS OF THE MONTH (Listen to this track below): 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' by Ray Conniff.
martes, 27 de diciembre de 2011
PROJECTS 2012: 3º ESO 'DESCRIPTION of EVENT' IES SALADILLO - ALGECIRAS - CÁDIZ
PROJECTS 2012: 1º ESO 'NUMBERS and HUMAN BODY' IES SALADILLO - ALGECIRAS - CÁDIZ
Projects made by Adelina Espinosa, Ana R Lastra, Déborah Ladrón, Jassmina Calvo, Mariana Armenta, Nihal Bakkali and Noelia Valderrama on Numbers and Human Body
miércoles, 25 de mayo de 2011
REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech is used when written or spoken words are repeated by someone else. (It is normally employed in conversation and newspapers). When Direct Speech is changed into Reported Speech a certain number of changes are necessary but, when the introducing verb is in the Present Perfect or Future tense, the verbs in Reported Speech do not change their tense.
Reported Speech is not put in inverted commas, and a colon or comma is not placed after the introducing verb.
The structure of a reported sentence would be as follows
Subject + Introducing Verb + Nexus + REPORTED SENTENCE
(Always in the PAST) (Void / That / If / Whether / Wh-?)
Changes when the Introducing Verb is in the PAST tense:
1) TENSE:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Present Simple
Past Simple
She said: 'It is five o'clock'
She said that it was five o'clock
Present Simple Continuous
Past Simple Continuous
He said: 'I'm washing my car'
He said that he was washing his car
Present Perfect / Past Simple
Past Perfect Simple
He told his wife: 'I've cleaned the window and washed the floor'
He told his wife that he had cleaned the window and had washed the floor
Present Perfect Continuous/ Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
They stated: 'we have been studying so we were improving'
They stated that they had been studying so they had been improving
Future Simple (Will / Shall)
Conditional Simple (Would)
She suggested: 'I'll see you tomorrow'
She suggested that she would see him the following day
Future Simple Continuous
Conditional Simple Continuous
They thought: 'it will be raining tomorrow'
They thought that it would be raining the next day
Future Simple (Going to) ------- It is considered a Present Simple Continuous
He commented: 'I'm going to use my car'
He commented that he was going to use his car
2) PRONOUNS and POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
FIRST person
THIRD person
The worker said: 'I can't build the house'
The worker said that he couldn't build the house
* If the worker were reporting his own words pronouns and possessive adjectives wouldn't change: I said that I couldn't build the house
SECOND person
FIRST (Singular / Plural) or THIRD person
The director said: 'You are right'
The director told me I was right
The director told us we were right
The director told them they were right
3) WORDS and PHRASES (often adverbials related to time or place):
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
TIME
Today
That day / The same day
Yesterday
The day before / The previous day / The last day
Last day, week, month …
The day, week, month …. before
The previous / last day, week, month…
The day before yesterday
Two days before
Tomorrow
The day after / The following day / The next day
Next day, week, month …
The day, week, month …. after
The following / next day, week, month…
The day after tomorrow
In two days' time
Ago
Before / Previous / Previously
PLACE
This / These (determiners)
That / Those (THE)
This / These (pronouns)
It / Them
Here
There / In that place
* Verbs which do NOT change in Reported Speech:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Improbable Conditional (TYPE 2):He said: 'If I had more money, I would produce more'
He said that if he had more money he would produce more
Verbs always in the past tense (the imagined form after WISH, WOULD RATHER, AS IF, AS THOUGH, IT'S TIME… :He told her: 'I wish the radios were better'
He told her that he wished the radios were better
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, MIGHT, USED TO, COULD, MUST (Except when signifying obligation, that is, when Will / Would HAVE TO or HAD TO can be used):He thought: 'The weather might be fine later'
He thought that the weather might be fine later
* If CAN (Ability) or MUST (Obligation) are employed, they change in the Reported Speech into COULD and HAD TO
* QUESTIONS in Reported Speech:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Beginning with Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words) WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHY, WHEN… :The reported question is written as a statement and the subject is placed before the verb; no question mark is necessary. When the verb To BE is used, it is placed at the end of the sentence in Reported Speech:
'Where does she live?', he asked
He asked where she lived
'When is the match next week?', she asked
She asked when the match the following week was
Beginning with AUXILIARIES or INTERROGATIVE FORMS of the verbs:The reported question is written as a statement, the subject is placed before the verb and IF or WHETHER is placed after the introducing verb; no question mark is necessary:
'Does she live in London?', he wondered
He wondered if / whether she lived in London
'Can I use a pencil?', asked the student
The student asked if / whether he could use a pencil
* Other verbs of reporting questions are: ASK, WONDER, INQUIRE, DEMAND, WANT TO KNOW, QUESTION…
* COMMANDS in Reported Speech:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
The Imperative of the Direct command is changed into the INFINITIVE in a Reported Command, the person addressed must be included after the introducing verb, and verbs of Command or Request have to be used as introducing verbs (TELL, COMMAND, BEG, ORDER, REMIND, WARN, RECOMMEND, ADVISE…). No exclamation mark is necessary.
'Sit down and keep quiet', the director said
The director ordered us to sit down and be quiet
If a negative command is given, in the Reported Speech it is represented by NOT + INFINITIVE.
The teacher told us: 'Don't forget your homework'
The teacher warned us not to forget our homework
* EXCLAMATIONS in Reported Speech:DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECHExclamations are change into STATEMENTS in the Reported Speech. No exclamation mark is necessary, but we need special introducing verbs to report the sense.
'What a lovely day!' she said
She exclaimed (that) it was a lovely day
* Many exclamations are left out in reported Speech, what is important is to report the sense:
'Oh dear, I'm broke', said the banker
Sighing and crying the banker remarked (that) he was broke
Sarah suggested that we watch the film
John recommended turning left at the next intersection
Reported speech is used when written or spoken words are repeated by someone else. (It is normally employed in conversation and newspapers). When Direct Speech is changed into Reported Speech a certain number of changes are necessary but, when the introducing verb is in the Present Perfect or Future tense, the verbs in Reported Speech do not change their tense.
Reported Speech is not put in inverted commas, and a colon or comma is not placed after the introducing verb.
The structure of a reported sentence would be as follows
Subject + Introducing Verb + Nexus + REPORTED SENTENCE
(Always in the PAST) (Void / That / If / Whether / Wh-?)
Changes when the Introducing Verb is in the PAST tense:
1) TENSE:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Present Simple
Past Simple
She said: 'It is five o'clock'
She said that it was five o'clock
Present Simple Continuous
Past Simple Continuous
He said: 'I'm washing my car'
He said that he was washing his car
Present Perfect / Past Simple
Past Perfect Simple
He told his wife: 'I've cleaned the window and washed the floor'
He told his wife that he had cleaned the window and had washed the floor
Present Perfect Continuous/ Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
They stated: 'we have been studying so we were improving'
They stated that they had been studying so they had been improving
Future Simple (Will / Shall)
Conditional Simple (Would)
She suggested: 'I'll see you tomorrow'
She suggested that she would see him the following day
Future Simple Continuous
Conditional Simple Continuous
They thought: 'it will be raining tomorrow'
They thought that it would be raining the next day
Future Simple (Going to) ------- It is considered a Present Simple Continuous
He commented: 'I'm going to use my car'
He commented that he was going to use his car
2) PRONOUNS and POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
FIRST person
THIRD person
The worker said: 'I can't build the house'
The worker said that he couldn't build the house
* If the worker were reporting his own words pronouns and possessive adjectives wouldn't change: I said that I couldn't build the house
SECOND person
FIRST (Singular / Plural) or THIRD person
The director said: 'You are right'
The director told me I was right
The director told us we were right
The director told them they were right
3) WORDS and PHRASES (often adverbials related to time or place):
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
TIME
Today
That day / The same day
Yesterday
The day before / The previous day / The last day
Last day, week, month …
The day, week, month …. before
The previous / last day, week, month…
The day before yesterday
Two days before
Tomorrow
The day after / The following day / The next day
Next day, week, month …
The day, week, month …. after
The following / next day, week, month…
The day after tomorrow
In two days' time
Ago
Before / Previous / Previously
PLACE
This / These (determiners)
That / Those (THE)
This / These (pronouns)
It / Them
Here
There / In that place
* Verbs which do NOT change in Reported Speech:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Improbable Conditional (TYPE 2):He said: 'If I had more money, I would produce more'
He said that if he had more money he would produce more
Verbs always in the past tense (the imagined form after WISH, WOULD RATHER, AS IF, AS THOUGH, IT'S TIME… :He told her: 'I wish the radios were better'
He told her that he wished the radios were better
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, MIGHT, USED TO, COULD, MUST (Except when signifying obligation, that is, when Will / Would HAVE TO or HAD TO can be used):He thought: 'The weather might be fine later'
He thought that the weather might be fine later
* If CAN (Ability) or MUST (Obligation) are employed, they change in the Reported Speech into COULD and HAD TO
* QUESTIONS in Reported Speech:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Beginning with Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words) WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHY, WHEN… :The reported question is written as a statement and the subject is placed before the verb; no question mark is necessary. When the verb To BE is used, it is placed at the end of the sentence in Reported Speech:
'Where does she live?', he asked
He asked where she lived
'When is the match next week?', she asked
She asked when the match the following week was
Beginning with AUXILIARIES or INTERROGATIVE FORMS of the verbs:The reported question is written as a statement, the subject is placed before the verb and IF or WHETHER is placed after the introducing verb; no question mark is necessary:
'Does she live in London?', he wondered
He wondered if / whether she lived in London
'Can I use a pencil?', asked the student
The student asked if / whether he could use a pencil
* Other verbs of reporting questions are: ASK, WONDER, INQUIRE, DEMAND, WANT TO KNOW, QUESTION…
* COMMANDS in Reported Speech:
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
The Imperative of the Direct command is changed into the INFINITIVE in a Reported Command, the person addressed must be included after the introducing verb, and verbs of Command or Request have to be used as introducing verbs (TELL, COMMAND, BEG, ORDER, REMIND, WARN, RECOMMEND, ADVISE…). No exclamation mark is necessary.
'Sit down and keep quiet', the director said
The director ordered us to sit down and be quiet
If a negative command is given, in the Reported Speech it is represented by NOT + INFINITIVE.
The teacher told us: 'Don't forget your homework'
The teacher warned us not to forget our homework
* EXCLAMATIONS in Reported Speech:DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECHExclamations are change into STATEMENTS in the Reported Speech. No exclamation mark is necessary, but we need special introducing verbs to report the sense.
'What a lovely day!' she said
She exclaimed (that) it was a lovely day
* Many exclamations are left out in reported Speech, what is important is to report the sense:
'Oh dear, I'm broke', said the banker
Sighing and crying the banker remarked (that) he was broke
* SUGGESTIONS in Reported Speech:
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED
SPEECH
Suggestions are change into STATEMENTS in the
Reported Speech. We need special introducing verbs to report the sense like
SUGGEST and RECOMMEND (or less frequently ADVISE and INVITE). They present two
different forms:
Using THAT
+ Subject + Base:
'Let's watch the new film': Sarah suggestedSarah suggested that we watch the film
'You should go to the doctor's, Peter': Sarah
suggested
Sarah suggested that Peter go to the doctor's.
Using
PRESENT PARTICIPLE + NO Subject:
'Turn left at the next intersection': John
recommendedJohn recommended turning left at the next intersection
martes, 17 de mayo de 2011
PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
SUBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + VERB-ing + (Complements)
STATEMENT
You are listening to the radio
He is coming from school by car
You are being an animal
NEGATION
You are not listening to the radio
He is not coming from school by car
You are not being an animal
INTERROGATION
Are you listening to the radio?
Is he coming from school by car?
Are you being an animal?
TIME EXPRESSIONS: (If placed at the beginning, separated by commas)
• NOW / RIGHT NOW
• AT THE MOMENT
• TODAY
• THIS DAY, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, … CENTURY
• THESE DAYS, WEEKS, MONTHS, YEARS, … CENTURIES
USES:
• An action happening now: I am phoning from a call-box
• A temporary activity: She is watching a movie on TV
• Future arrangement: Peter is leaving tomorrow
• Simultaneous actions in the present: I am listening to the radio while I am having a bath
• With ALWAYS to show annoyance (irritation) or surprise: She is always laughing
STATIVE VERBS:• They cannot be used in the progressive form
• They are used to express feelings, likes and dislikes, possession and mental activities:
- LOVE, HATE, WANT
- LIKE, DISLIKE
- OWN, HAVE GOT
- THINK, REMEMBER, KNOW, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE
VIDEO
SUBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + VERB-ing + (Complements)
STATEMENT
You are listening to the radio
He is coming from school by car
You are being an animal
NEGATION
You are not listening to the radio
He is not coming from school by car
You are not being an animal
INTERROGATION
Are you listening to the radio?
Is he coming from school by car?
Are you being an animal?
TIME EXPRESSIONS: (If placed at the beginning, separated by commas)
• NOW / RIGHT NOW
• AT THE MOMENT
• TODAY
• THIS DAY, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, … CENTURY
• THESE DAYS, WEEKS, MONTHS, YEARS, … CENTURIES
USES:
• An action happening now: I am phoning from a call-box
• A temporary activity: She is watching a movie on TV
• Future arrangement: Peter is leaving tomorrow
• Simultaneous actions in the present: I am listening to the radio while I am having a bath
• With ALWAYS to show annoyance (irritation) or surprise: She is always laughing
STATIVE VERBS:• They cannot be used in the progressive form
• They are used to express feelings, likes and dislikes, possession and mental activities:
- LOVE, HATE, WANT
- LIKE, DISLIKE
- OWN, HAVE GOT
- THINK, REMEMBER, KNOW, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE
VIDEO
MODAL AUXILIARIES: SHOULD
MODAL AUXILIARIES
SHOULD
• To give advice:
You shouldn’t go out. It’s raining
• To express obligation:
Everyone should see a dentist regularly
• To express criticism:
He shouldn’t have said such nonsense
• In questions, to know if it is compulsory (If we are obliged or not):
Should we pay now?
When should we leave?
What should I wear?
SHOULD
• To give advice:
You shouldn’t go out. It’s raining
• To express obligation:
Everyone should see a dentist regularly
• To express criticism:
He shouldn’t have said such nonsense
• In questions, to know if it is compulsory (If we are obliged or not):
Should we pay now?
When should we leave?
What should I wear?
MODAL AUXILIARIES: MUST
MODAL AUXILIARIES
MUST
• To express obligation or strong necessity (as well as HAVE TO or NEED TO):
We must take the bus now. We must use the computer for the project
• To give advice:
You mustn’t give up. She must take an umbrella because it is raining
• To make deductions (HIGH PROBABILITY):
He must be my father. They must be home by now
* The NEGATIVE of Must is constructed with:
DON’T HAVE TO (haven’t is NOT employed) She doesn’t have to study. I didn’t have to tidy my room up yesterday
DON’T NEED TO / NEEDN’T (TO is not employed) He doesn’t need to stay longer. On Sundays, I don’t need to get up early. It needn’t be big but has a garden (not ‘s’ required)
MUSTN’T
• To express strong prohibition (it doesn’t mean lack of obligation or necessity):
We mustn’t use the station all day. You mustn’t smoke in class. Under 18 mustn’t drink spirits
MUST versus HAVE TO
There is a slight difference when employing Must and HAVE TO:
- MUST is employed by authorities (Teachers, Parents, Doctors, Police…):
You must study. You must clean your room. You must stay in bed. You must tell us the truth
- HAVE TO is employed by everybody:
I have to study now. She has to give up her boyfriend. They have to sell the house
MUST
• To express obligation or strong necessity (as well as HAVE TO or NEED TO):
We must take the bus now. We must use the computer for the project
• To give advice:
You mustn’t give up. She must take an umbrella because it is raining
• To make deductions (HIGH PROBABILITY):
He must be my father. They must be home by now
* The NEGATIVE of Must is constructed with:
DON’T HAVE TO (haven’t is NOT employed) She doesn’t have to study. I didn’t have to tidy my room up yesterday
DON’T NEED TO / NEEDN’T (TO is not employed) He doesn’t need to stay longer. On Sundays, I don’t need to get up early. It needn’t be big but has a garden (not ‘s’ required)
MUSTN’T
• To express strong prohibition (it doesn’t mean lack of obligation or necessity):
We mustn’t use the station all day. You mustn’t smoke in class. Under 18 mustn’t drink spirits
MUST versus HAVE TO
There is a slight difference when employing Must and HAVE TO:
- MUST is employed by authorities (Teachers, Parents, Doctors, Police…):
You must study. You must clean your room. You must stay in bed. You must tell us the truth
- HAVE TO is employed by everybody:
I have to study now. She has to give up her boyfriend. They have to sell the house
MODAL AUXILIARIES: CHARACTERISTICS
MODAL AUXILIARIES
• No “s” ending in the 3rd singular present person: She can go
• Questions and negations without DO: Can she go? She cannot go
• Always followed by infinitive WITHOUT to: We can sleep now
• Never two modals together
• No infinitive
• No participle, neither present participle or past participle
• No imperative
MODAL:
CAN / COULD
SHALL / SHOULD
WILL / WOULD
MUST / MAY / MIGHT / OUGHT TO
SEMI-MODAL:
USED TO / NEED TO / HAVE TO / DARE TO
MARGINAL:
HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / TEND TO
LESS Formal.............................................................MORE Formal
HIGH Possibility........................................................LOW Possibility
MUST–WILL–WOULD–OUGHT TO–SHOULD–CAN–COULD–MAY-MIGHT
• No “s” ending in the 3rd singular present person: She can go
• Questions and negations without DO: Can she go? She cannot go
• Always followed by infinitive WITHOUT to: We can sleep now
• Never two modals together
• No infinitive
• No participle, neither present participle or past participle
• No imperative
MODAL:
CAN / COULD
SHALL / SHOULD
WILL / WOULD
MUST / MAY / MIGHT / OUGHT TO
SEMI-MODAL:
USED TO / NEED TO / HAVE TO / DARE TO
MARGINAL:
HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / TEND TO
LESS Formal.............................................................MORE Formal
HIGH Possibility........................................................LOW Possibility
MUST–WILL–WOULD–OUGHT TO–SHOULD–CAN–COULD–MAY-MIGHT
MODAL AUXILIARIES: CAN / COULD / (TO BE ABLE TO)
MODAL AUXILIARIES: CAN / COULD / (TO BE ABLE TO)
1) CAN
ABILITY
- PRESENT or GENERAL (To be able to, To know how to):
I can swim / dance / cook
She can play tennis / the guitar / the hero
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (LESS FORMAL):
Can I take any photos? No, you cannot
You can watch TV now
- OFFERS (LESS FORMAL):
Can I buy you a drink? No, thanks
Can I help you? Yes, thanks
- REQUESTS (LESS FORMAL):
Can you tell me the time? Four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (MORE LIKELY):
He can be my father
He can be married
2) COULD
ABILITY
- PAST (Was / Were able to, knew how to):
I could swim / dance / cook (three years ago / last summer / this morning)
She could play tennis / the guitar / the hero (when she was young / in 2009 / yesterday)
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (MORE FORMAL):
Could I take any photos, please? No, I’m terribly sorry
You could go out for a walk now before the meeting
- OFFERS (MORE FORMAL):
Could I show you the way out? Yes, thank you very much
Could I help you? Yes, thank you very much
- REQUESTS (MORE FORMAL):
Could you tell me what time it is? Of course, it is four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (LESS LIKELY):
He could be my father
He could be married
3) TO ABLE TO
ABILITY
- PAST, PRESENT or FUTURE:
Was / Were able to: I was able, when young, to run five miles in one hour
Am / Are / Is able to: I am able, now that I have finished my career, to read French
Shall / Will be able to: I will be able, in two years’ time, to play the guitar perfectly
TO BE ABLE TO versus CAN / COULD:
TO BE ABLE TO is preferred to CAN or COULD:
- In FORMAL contexts: I am able to give a proper answer
- When the action is OCCASIONAL or PARTICULAR. In this case, To be able to is similar to To manage to: She was able to / managed to solve the problem at last
- When we give EMPHASIS to the action: They will be able to lift the stone
1) CAN
ABILITY
- PRESENT or GENERAL (To be able to, To know how to):
I can swim / dance / cook
She can play tennis / the guitar / the hero
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (LESS FORMAL):
Can I take any photos? No, you cannot
You can watch TV now
- OFFERS (LESS FORMAL):
Can I buy you a drink? No, thanks
Can I help you? Yes, thanks
- REQUESTS (LESS FORMAL):
Can you tell me the time? Four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (MORE LIKELY):
He can be my father
He can be married
2) COULD
ABILITY
- PAST (Was / Were able to, knew how to):
I could swim / dance / cook (three years ago / last summer / this morning)
She could play tennis / the guitar / the hero (when she was young / in 2009 / yesterday)
MODALITY
- PERMISSION (To be allowed to) (MORE FORMAL):
Could I take any photos, please? No, I’m terribly sorry
You could go out for a walk now before the meeting
- OFFERS (MORE FORMAL):
Could I show you the way out? Yes, thank you very much
Could I help you? Yes, thank you very much
- REQUESTS (MORE FORMAL):
Could you tell me what time it is? Of course, it is four o’clock
- PROBABILITY or DEDUCTIONS (LESS LIKELY):
He could be my father
He could be married
3) TO ABLE TO
ABILITY
- PAST, PRESENT or FUTURE:
Was / Were able to: I was able, when young, to run five miles in one hour
Am / Are / Is able to: I am able, now that I have finished my career, to read French
Shall / Will be able to: I will be able, in two years’ time, to play the guitar perfectly
TO BE ABLE TO versus CAN / COULD:
TO BE ABLE TO is preferred to CAN or COULD:
- In FORMAL contexts: I am able to give a proper answer
- When the action is OCCASIONAL or PARTICULAR. In this case, To be able to is similar to To manage to: She was able to / managed to solve the problem at last
- When we give EMPHASIS to the action: They will be able to lift the stone
jueves, 12 de mayo de 2011
PROJECTS 2011: 4º ESO 'IRREGULAR VERBS' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Victoria Barba, Carolina S González, Dolores Boza and Cristina Bravo on Irregular Verbs
PROJECTS 2011: 3º ESO 'IRREGULAR VERBS' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Marta de la Peña, María Muñoz, Ángeles Aranda and Cynthia Castel on Irregular Verbs
jueves, 31 de marzo de 2011
FUTURE SIMPLE 'Will / Shall'
FUTURE SIMPLE 'Will / Shall'
SUBJECT + WILL (EVERY PERSON) + INFINITIVE + (Complements)
SHALL (FIRST PERSON singular and plural = I + We)
STATEMENTI shall visit London next summer
We shall eat at nine o’clock
You will come tomorrow by car
NEGATIONI shall not visit London next summer
We shall not eat at nine o’clock
You will not come tomorrow by car
• SHALL + NOT = SHAN´T
• WILL + NOT = WON`T
INTERROGATIONShall I visit London next summer?
Shall we eat at nine o’clock?
Will you come tomorrow by car?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• IN THE FUTURE / IN X YEARS’ TIME / ONE DAY
• NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
• WHEN / AS SOON AS
USES:
• Habitual or repeated actions in the future: Birds will return in Spring
• Statement of future fact: The ticket for the match will cost five pounds
• Opinions, assumptions, beliefs, doubts, hopes or fears about the future:
They are sure they will win the race
I am afraid you will lose the match
• With verbs of perception and emotion:
I shall never forget him
She will always hate you
You will see Mary tomorrow morning
• 1st Conditional Clauses: If he comes, I will go with him
WILL:1 To express requests: Will you come with me to do the shopping?
2 As a promise: I will remind you to buy some more butter
3 As a determination: We will go, you cannot stop us
SHALL:1 To express offers: Shall I open the window?
2 To express suggestions: Shall we go to the cinema this evening?
3 With 2nd or 3rd persons (singular and plural) when the subject has to do something or it is prohibited from doing something:
- OBLIGATION: They shall stay home whether they want or not
- PROHIBITION: You shall not go out until you finish your homework
(Bible: ‘Thou shalt not…) 10 COMMITMENTS
SUBJECT + WILL (EVERY PERSON) + INFINITIVE + (Complements)
SHALL (FIRST PERSON singular and plural = I + We)
STATEMENTI shall visit London next summer
We shall eat at nine o’clock
You will come tomorrow by car
NEGATIONI shall not visit London next summer
We shall not eat at nine o’clock
You will not come tomorrow by car
• SHALL + NOT = SHAN´T
• WILL + NOT = WON`T
INTERROGATIONShall I visit London next summer?
Shall we eat at nine o’clock?
Will you come tomorrow by car?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• IN THE FUTURE / IN X YEARS’ TIME / ONE DAY
• NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
• WHEN / AS SOON AS
USES:
• Habitual or repeated actions in the future: Birds will return in Spring
• Statement of future fact: The ticket for the match will cost five pounds
• Opinions, assumptions, beliefs, doubts, hopes or fears about the future:
They are sure they will win the race
I am afraid you will lose the match
• With verbs of perception and emotion:
I shall never forget him
She will always hate you
You will see Mary tomorrow morning
• 1st Conditional Clauses: If he comes, I will go with him
WILL:1 To express requests: Will you come with me to do the shopping?
2 As a promise: I will remind you to buy some more butter
3 As a determination: We will go, you cannot stop us
SHALL:1 To express offers: Shall I open the window?
2 To express suggestions: Shall we go to the cinema this evening?
3 With 2nd or 3rd persons (singular and plural) when the subject has to do something or it is prohibited from doing something:
- OBLIGATION: They shall stay home whether they want or not
- PROHIBITION: You shall not go out until you finish your homework
(Bible: ‘Thou shalt not…) 10 COMMITMENTS
FUTURE SIMPLE 'GOING TO'
FUTURE SIMPLE (GOING TO)(Near / Intention Future)
SUBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + GOING TO + Infinitive + (Complements)
STATEMENT
I am going to watch TV tonight
She is going to read some books now
They are going to listen to the radio
NEGATIONI am not going to watch TV tonight
She is not going to read some books now
They are not going to listen to the radio
INTERROGATION
Am I going to watch TV tonight?
Is she going to read some books now?
Are they going to listen to the radio?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• SOON / LATER
• TONIGHT / TOMORROW / NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
USES:
• To express proximity in the future: They are going to watch a film
• To express intention in the future: I am going to marry her
• To express probability in the future: It is going to rain tomorrow morni
SUBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + GOING TO + Infinitive + (Complements)
STATEMENT
I am going to watch TV tonight
She is going to read some books now
They are going to listen to the radio
NEGATIONI am not going to watch TV tonight
She is not going to read some books now
They are not going to listen to the radio
INTERROGATION
Am I going to watch TV tonight?
Is she going to read some books now?
Are they going to listen to the radio?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
• AT (Hours) / ON (Days of the Week) / IN (Months, Years and Centuries)
• SOON / LATER
• TONIGHT / TOMORROW / NEXT (hour, day, month, …)
USES:
• To express proximity in the future: They are going to watch a film
• To express intention in the future: I am going to marry her
• To express probability in the future: It is going to rain tomorrow morni
viernes, 25 de febrero de 2011
PROJECTS 2011: 3º ESO 'SAINT VALENTINE'S DAY' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Daniel Lucena, Cintia Castel, María Muñoz, Rocío Verdugo and Ángeles Jiménez on Saint Valentine's Day
PROJECTS 2011: 4º ESO 'SAINT VALENTINE'S DAY' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA
Projects made by Nerea Partida , Vanesa González, Antonio J Barbero and Lola Boza on St Valentine's Day
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